Bill would make WWII site into national park

Bill would make WWII site into national park
By Juliana Barbassa - The Associated Press
Posted : Saturday Jul 21, 2007 6:41:42 EDT

SAN FRANCISCO — The site of a World War II explosion that killed 320 people — more than 200 of them black sailors — and sparked enough outrage about the treatment of the black survivors to fuel a movement to desegregate the military could become part of the National Park System under a new bill.

The measure, announced by U.S. Rep. George Miller, D-Calif., on Friday, would make Port Chicago Naval Magazine in the eastern San Francisco Bay eligible for federal funding to operate a visitor center, hire educational rangers and maintain aging facilities.

The base is currently affiliated with the national parks, but the new status would give the site increased visibility, Miller said of the bill, announced Thursday. A Saturday ceremony will commemorate the 63rd anniversary of the blast that crippled the West Coast’s main WWII port on the Pacific.

“The events of July 17, 1944 are so important to our nation’s military and racial history that more Americans ought to be able to learn from it, to visit the historic site, and to know that it will be properly maintained for generations to come,” said Miller.

It’s unclear what set off the blast that destroyed the two munitions ships anchored at the base, said Robert Allen, a University of California, Berkeley professor and author of “The Port Chicago Mutiny.”

“Anyone who was close enough to see what happened didn’t survive,” he said. “It was the worst home-front tragedy of World War II.”

It was night, and the dark sky turned bright with the white-hot blaze of more than 5,000 tons of explosives going off at once, said retired sailor Percy Robinson, 82.

Robinson had been in the barracks. The flash made him turn to the windows. A fraction of a second later, a formidable blast of air blew the glass panes into the room. He raised his left arm to protect his eyes, but the rest of his face and upper body was cut so badly that a friend he ran into out side the crumbling building didn’t recognize him, Robinson said.

“But they patched me up and told me to get back to work. I could walk, so I could work,” he said.

Most of the dead — 202 men — were black sailors who loaded heavy bombs, ammunitions and other explosives onto ships. They worked with no formal training in handling hazardous materials, and under all white officers, said Allen.

Besides the hard labor, they suffered the indignities of living in a segregated environment. Blacks were not allowed to use the restrooms on the ships they loaded and couldn’t rise to officer ranks, Allen said.

When the explosion scattered body parts among the wreckage, white survivors who asked for a month leave were granted the time off. The black seamen were ordered to clean up the debris, said Allen.

The blast heaped anger on men already frustrated by these circumstances. In response, 258 ammunition loaders, all of them black, defied orders to return to work in the same unsafe conditions, Robinson said.

The Navy responded by imprisoning all 258 men for three days on a barge on San Pablo Bay that was outfitted to hold 75 people, said Allen. The sailors were told that if they didn’t obey orders, they’d be charged with mutiny, which carries a death sentence during wartime.

“They said we got back to work or got shot by a firing squad for mutiny,” said Robinson. “Those were the choices they gave us.”

All but 50 men backed down. The 50 withstood a monthlong military trial, and were found guilty by the white officers in charge after an 80-minute deliberation, said Allen. The sailors got 15 years in federal prison.

Thurgood Marshall, then a lawyer with the NAACP, had watched the trial and started a campaign asking the public to write to the Navy protesting the injustice, Allen said.

“A massive public response began to develop to this situation — hundreds of letters, thousands of names on petitions,” said the historian. “The Navy needed to make some kind of response. They began desegregating right there at Port Chicago.”

First the Navy introduced white munitions loaders at the base. By the end of 1945, they’d desegregated their training facilities. In 1946 the Port Chicago 50, as the men were known, were pardoned in a general amnesty. They had to serve parole — but now they did so on ships that were already desegregated, Allen said.

In 1948, President Truman issued an order desegregating all the Armed Forces.

“Once the Navy got started, it opened the door for other services to fall in line,” said Allen.

Ellie