One Marine Remembers His Beirut Brothers 20 Years Later
This was sent to me by Phantom Blooper.....
The BLT is gone!"
The staff sergeant bellowed his message to the major as the officer watched a billowing mushroom cloud rise hundreds of feet in the early morning air behind the enlisted man's back.
In October 1983, in Beirut, Lebanon, these words were as unfathomable as was saying, "The World Trade Center is gone" on Sept. 11, 2001. The BLT was the nickname for the four-story building that housed nearly 400 members of Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 1/8 and attached Marines, sailors and soldiers.
"Gone?" the major shot back in confusion, having been rudely awakened by the impact of a door torn from its hinges and thrown across the room onto his rack where he had been sleeping. "What do you mean 'gone'?"
"Sir, it's just gone, blown up. It's not there anymore!" the staff sergeant confirmed, not yet knowing how or why, but sure the building that had stood four stories tall the day before was now a smoldering pile of concrete and twisted metal.
Thus, at 0622 on 23 Oct. 1983, the Marine mission in Beirut took a disastrous turn. A terrorist truck bomb carrying dynamite wrapped around gas cylinders exploded inside the BLT barracks, killing 241 and injuring more than 100 while they slept. FBI investigators would determine later that it was the largest nonnuclear blast they had ever studied.
For Marines, it was the largest loss of life in a single action since Vietnam. For the nation, it was the worst act of terrorism against Americans ever recorded. Perhaps in hindsight, it was a harbinger of what was to come.
Yet the deaths and injuries were not the first for Marines in Beirut, and they wouldn't be the last. Three different Marine amphibious units (MAUs), the 22d, 24th and 32d, suffered a total of 268 deaths and hundreds of injuries over the two-year "peacekeeping" mission from August 1982 until August 1984. Keeping peace in the midst of this Middle Eastern hotbed indeed proved to be mission impossible.
To understand how Marines became the targets of the terrorist bombing and why they suffered such high losses, it is important to understand the mission that brought them there.
In 1982, many Marines—indeed, many Americans—didn't know exactly where Beirut was, let alone what strategic importance it might have held for the United States. Yet in August of that year, Marines of the 32d MAU stepped ashore under the Stars and Stripes to become embroiled in a mission that was new and undefined to them and to the armed forces: peacekeeping.
"I was 18 years old and didn't have a clue where I was going or what I was getting myself into," said John W. Nash, now an active-duty master sergeant, who at this writing was serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom. "But once I was told our mission, to help the Lebanese people and their government get back on their feet … I was proud and wanted to serve."
The five ships of Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group (MARG) 2-82 arrived off the coast of Rota, Spain, on 6 June 1982. On board were 1,800 Marines comprising the 32d MAU, commanded by Colonel James M. Mead. Second Battalion Landing Team, Eighth Marine Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Johnston, was embarked as the landing force. There also were air, artillery and logistics support units aboard.
On the same day, Israel invaded southern Lebanon in an attempt to rout out Yasir Arafat and his Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) army so that, as Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin declared, "they would never again be able to attack settlements in northern Israel." What was to be a 10-day liberty in Rota for the Marines and sailors of the 32d lasted 10 hours. President Ronald Reagan ordered Marines in, fearing for the lives of Americans in Lebanon and especially concerned about the American Embassy in Beirut.
Two weeks later, about 800 Marines of the 32d MAU would help evacuate nearly 600 civilians from two dozen countries from Jounieh, a port city about 10 miles north of Beirut. It was a flawless evacuation, conducted in a permissive environment with no problems.
Two days later the Marines were back on MARG ships and heading for Naples for 15 days of rotating leave. They received only four.
In mid-June Israel had ordered massive air and artillery strikes on West Beirut in an attempt to totally destroy the main body of the PLO. Hundreds of Lebanese and others were killed or wounded; apartment houses, shopping centers and other structures were destroyed.
Still, the PLO remained hunkered down and would not budge. Syrian air and ground forces also began to clash with Israeli forces as they advanced into the Bekaa Valley.
In July Israel instituted a military blockade of Beirut, leading to intense diplomatic efforts to avert an all-out battle for the capital. The siege of West Beirut continued, and by late August it was clear to PLO leadership that they could not remain there. Finally, they agreed to a withdrawal plan drafted by President Reagan's special envoy, Philip Habib, and endorsed by Syria and Israel.
At 0500 on 25 Aug., the first landing craft dropped its ramp and Marines, with Meade and Johnston in the lead, went ashore greeted by the flashes of media cameras and about 100 news people. The leathernecks were part of the multinational force (United States, France, Italy) that would evacuate thousands of armed PLO and Syrian fighters. French troops had gone in four days earlier and already had evacuated 2,500 fighters.
Meade was especially impressed with the level of destruction in the city, saying it was "like pictures I've seen of Berlin at the end of World War II."
Marines took over the duty, and by 1 Sept. about 15,000 armed PLO and Syrian personnel had been evacuated safely. By 10 Sept. all multinational forces (MNFs) had been withdrawn, and the 32d was back aboard ships and headed to Naples.
However, normalcy was not to be part of the MAU's deployment. On 14 Sept., Lebanon's newly elected President, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated by a bomb in East Beirut. Amin Gemayel, his older brother, was elected President by the Lebanese Parliament. Almost immediately Israeli troops took control of West Beirut and the Palestinian refugee camps on the southern outskirts of the city. On 16 Sept. Phalangist Christian militia entered the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps where they ruthlessly murdered hundreds of Palestinian men, women and children.
Based on these events, Amin Gemayel requested that the MNF be called back to help stabilize the situation until the beleaguered Lebanese Armed Forces could be in a position to defend the capital. Within 48 hours, the MNF was reformed, and the 32d was steaming back to Beirut.
The French, Italians and Americans would slice West Beirut into three sectors of responsibility; the Marines were assigned the Beirut International Airport area, the Italians took the middle area that included Sabra and Shatila, and the French controlled the port and downtown area.
The MNF forces were positioned between several national armies and factional militia groups all armed to the teeth, as a presence with a mission that was cloudy at best. The rules of engagement (ROE) severely restricted use of force, not allowing Marines to carry loaded weapons, and only allowing them to shoot if they could verify that their lives were in danger and only if they could clearly identify a specific target.
"I had personal reservations about the ROE from the outset," said retired Marine Maj Robert T. "Bob" Jordan, who was the public affairs officer and chief media spokesman with the 24th MAU during the time of the bombing.
"My briefings in Washington were oriented towards concern for accidental discharges rather than combat dynamics," he recalled. "The ROE definitely placed commanders on the ground at a disadvantage."
President Reagan's decision to deploy Marines in Beirut triggered the process to define a mission statement. His Middle East special envoy, retired Marine Lieutenant Colonel Robert C. "Bud" McFarlane, visited Marines ashore on 16 Sept.
He explained to them, "The situation reached a point where the Lebanese Army controlled only about 10 percent of the land in the hills around Beirut. It was at that point that the President decided to help the established Lebanese government get back on its feet." McFarlane, himself a retired Marine lieutenant colonel in earlier years, went on to clarify U.S. interests in the region, pointing out key waterways, oil routes and deposits and the value of having friends in this part of the world. "It's good to have a democracy anywhere. They are becoming an endangered species."
The Secretary of Defense tasked the Joint Chiefs of Staff to develop the mission statement and to issue the order to the Commander in Chief, United States European Command (USCINCEUR). From there it was transferred to the Commander, United States Naval Forces Europe, and continued on to the Commander of the Sixth Fleet. The Commander of Amphibious Task Force 61 became the Commander of U.S. Forces in Lebanon, and the MAU commanding officer was named Commander of U.S. Forces ashore.
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Fallen Hero's will never be forgotten
I only recently found out about this site. I wanted to thank you on a personal note. Specifically, I have been trying for years to find any articles concerning SSGT Alexander Ortega who was killed in Beirut on August 29, 1983. I know there was a book about what was going on in Beirut at that time and it listed all of the names of the service men that were killed defending freedom. Unfortunatley I do not know the title of the book.
SSGT Ortega was one of 2 recruiters that I had back in 1982 when I enlisted in high school. We developed a bond between the 3 of us that forever will be imbedded in my mind and heart.
I was in Boot Camp in Parris Island when I heard on the news that Alex was killed. Being a new recruit I immediately wanted to go to Beirut and kill anybody from that area of the world for retaliation of the killing of my friend.
For my safety, my other recruiter made some phone calls to make sure I stayed state side so I did not put my own life as well as other Marines in danger due to my inexperience.
It has been almost 23 years and I have not forgotten Alex. I know his younger brother had enlisted shortly after his death. He left behind many people that loved him. He had a truely charismatic personality.
I made a photo album and saved all of the clippings that I could pertaining to SSGT. Ortega's death, and from time to time I look through it and remind myself that with all of the people in the world there are a handful that really make a difference in ones life, and Alex was one of those people.
If anyone knows the tiltle of the book that was written in approx. 1983 - 1984 listing the names of all of the service men killed in Beirut please post it.
Thank you again.
"SEMPER FI"